The hidden health costs of irrigation: Evidence from rural Burkina Faso

Bertin Nyamba & Patrice Rélouendé Zidouemba

Abstract
While irrigation is key to boosting agricultural productivity in Burkina Faso, it may come with hidden health costs. Drawing on data from over 1 000 households in the Sourou Valley and using propensity score matching, this study uncovers the unintended consequences of irrigation for public health. Households practising irrigation experience 3.5 to 3.8 more cases of illness annually and spend up to CFA 27 915 more on healthcare compared to rain-fed farmers. These impacts are linked to stagnant water and unsafe chemical use. The findings highlight the urgent need for integrated policies that combine agricultural gains with improved sanitation, safe input practices, and environmental safeguards. Balancing productivity and health is essential for sustainable rural development.